Pendimethalin Toxicity: Histopathological Insights into Liver and Renal Damage in Cyprinus carpio

Abstract

The extensive use of herbicides creates worries about their effects on nontarget aquatic creatures like fish. The ultimate purpose of this study was to assess the toxicity of a widely accessible herbicide pendimethalin on the histology of the kidney and liver of Cyprinus carpio, an economically beneficial fish. Acute toxicity was determined with a 96-hour LC50 value of 2.20µL/L. Fishes were divided into 3 groups: The primary group was designated the control group. The second group received a 1/10th concentration of the estimated 96-hour LC50 (0.22µl/L), whereas the third group received a 1/15th concentration of the 96-hour LC50 (0.146µl/L). Control fish kidneys and liver do not show any morphological alterations in structure. The second group exposed to pendimethalin showed severe damage to the kidney and liver such as glomerular degeneration, rupturing of proximal convoluted tubules, damaged distal convoluted tubules and internal bleeding in the kidney and vacuolization, internal bleeding, binucleate formation and degeneration of hepatocytes in the liver. The third group showed mild to moderate changes with an increase in the concentration of pendimethalin in kidney and liver tissue such as low to mild glomerular degeneration, ruptured proximal tubules and vacuolization in some areas in the kidney and damaged hepatocytes, mild to high necrosis of nuclei and damaged cytoplasm in the liver. These findings highlight the potential dangers of pendimethalin contamination in aquatic environments, underscoring the need for stringent regulatory measures.