Maxillofacial Trauma in Athletes: A Comparative Study of Basketball, Football, and Boxing

Abstract

This study investigates the prevalence and characteristics of maxillofacial injuries among athletes involved in high-contact sports, specifically basketball, football, and boxing, at the Sports University of Tirana. Using a cross-sectional methodology, data were collected from 412 student-athletes through self-administered questionnaires between September and December 2023, followed by clinical evaluations conducted at the Maxillofacial Surgery Department at Mother Teresa Hospital from January to September 2024. The questionnaire collected information on each athlete's sports history, training patterns, use of protective gear, and history of previous injuries. Among these athletes, 36 reported maxillofacial injuries. Subsequently, it underwent clinical examination to determine the type, location, and severity of their injuries, with a focus on both bone and soft tissue trauma. Analysis revealed that 8.7% of athletes had maxillofacial injuries, predominantly soft tissue lacerations, and dental trauma, primarily affecting the mid-facial region. Boxing showed a higher incidence of fractures, while football was associated with a significant number of dental injuries. Statistical tests, including chi-square analysis, identified a significant correlation between the use of protective equipment and the incidence of injuries, suggesting a critical need for enhanced protective equipment and improved safety protocols. Most athletes who experienced injuries received medical treatment, with recovery times varying according to injury type and sport. This study underscores the high occurrence of maxillofacial trauma in high-contact sports and emphasizes the importance of preventive measures and post-injury rehabilitation.